Your question is quite vast.
I would recommend you read this article. It outlines pretty much all French dialects and gives good history insights:
http://www.learn-french-today.com/diale ... guage.html
Now, the main linguistic difference between Canadian French (spoken by the Acadians) and Standard French (spoken in France) is the vocabulary: Canadian French has borrowed over its History a lot of English words (obviously due to the location it's spoken). For example, "une voiture" (a car) is "un char" in Canadian French.
You can also see this phenomenon in Québécois French.
Then, again for both Canadian French and Québécois French, the accent is very different from Metropolitan (standard) French. It's sometimes even hard for both parties to understand each other.
I would also recommend Wikipedia, their articles on the subject are pretty comprehensive.
I hope that helps!
Virginie